Superstitions

How do we explain the human fascination with superstitions, particularly luck (and all the behaviors and items that confer good or bad luck), but also fate and destiny?

1926 US advertisement for lucky jewelry . &quo...

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Las Vegas is the capitol of luck in the U.S., both bad and good. You almost can’t enjoy visiting Las Vegas unless you’re willing to believe at least for a while that luck not only exists but that you just could “get lucky” and go home rich. Gamblers ignore the well-known fact that the odds always favor the house, they often ignore odds all together. They’ll often play the same casino, the same game, the same table where they once won believing that is their “lucky” game or casino or table.

But Las Vegas is not the only place where people who believe in luck hang out. They’re all around us. Nearly every field of sports has players who practice certain behaviors or wear certain clothing because they believe it brings them luck to do so. Many people keep trinkets they consider their “lucky charms”. People who play the lottery or send in their Publisher’s Clearing House sweepstakes entry as soon as it arrives do so believing that maybe this time they’ll be the lucky winner. Don’t you dare step on a crack/walk under a ladder/break a mirror or else you’re inviting bad luck. Humans are wonderfully imaginative when it comes to thinking of things or behaviors that will bring them luck.

What I find especially amazing about luck is the number of people who intellectually acknowledge it’s all nonsense yet still harbor their secret lucky coin or always do a certain thing on Tuesday because they think it’s lucky. Most adults understand that luck doesn’t exist but they can’t quite bring themselves to dismiss the suspicion that it does.

It’s not much different for secular people who believe in fate or destiny. Unless you believe that some outside force can not just know but guide your future you really have no reason to think that you have a destiny or that your future is fated to turn out in any particular way. Yet many people still can’t escape the feeling that the future holds something grand or something terrible in store for them and that no matter how hard they try they can’t escape their fate.

What are we to make of these widespread fallacies? Is there any hope that humans will ever get over their need to believe in luck, fate and destiny? Some of these beliefs have real-world effects on our lives. Gamblers risk addiction and poverty thinking that the next game or hand will start their lucky streak. Many poor people waste food money on lottery tickets. Some folks allow their lives to disintegrate waiting for their luck to turn, for fate to play its hand. How can we save people from these delusions, or should we even bother?

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Are we being fully informed?

NewspaperThe current debt debacle illustrates a weak point with representative government; to be fairly represented we need an informed populace, and we do not have that. Citizens are assaulted on all sides by biased sound bites, misleading and sometimes downright fraudulent poll results and statistics and “news” stories presenting slanted opinion disguised as factual reporting. It is nearly impossible today to find a reliably unbiased source for information on the nation’s economic situation or honest predictions about what the future holds for us economically. The country is becoming ever more divided along partisan lines with each side being fed partly accurate information that only supports the goals of each party. It has become difficult if not impossible to make an informed decision in the face of such a paucity of intellectually honest information. We have entered the “Information Age” and yet the information we are getting is nearly useless.

I’m old enough to remember when television news programs were essentially unbiased, when their goal was to report national and international events as they occurred without attempting to editorialize or misrepresent opinion as fact. From the Huntley-Brinkley Report to Walter Cronkite, we came to expect fair and accurate reporting, in-depth journalism and an honest account of what our elected representatives were up to in Washington D.C.

These days we have television news programs that are little more than soap boxes from which each party spreads its propaganda. Little to no effort is made to portray this assault of demagoguery as real news. Yet so few media outlets still exist that engage in true journalism we are in danger of forgetting what it’s like to be presented with the facts of a story and allowed to arrive at our own conclusions.

So where can we turn to find factual and non-political information about the debt crises, global warming, immigration and the host of other issues we face as a nation? I’m not really sure anymore.

It would be a mistake to think that we can trust sources on the Internet. While many “citizen journalists” are reliable sources of first-hand information, trying to uncover their bias or their agenda can be difficult. Too many of them derive their information from the same sources used by Fox and MSNBC. Too often it’s the same propaganda dressed up in fancy web 2.0 garb and animated gif’s.

There are still real journalists performing real journalism around the world, but their reporting is subjected to the filters of an editorial staff beholden to one party or another well before it’s published or broadcast on the evening news. We seldom have access to their undiluted stories.

Our ability to be an informed citizenry is being undermined by those for whom informed citizens present a threat to their power and control. It’s often not that we don’t care to be informed, rather that in most cases we are being prevented from receiving honest and unbiased facts. We are denied access.

And because we are uninformed, we cannot exercise our proper role as “the People”, as in “We, the People…”. We have abdicated responsibility for determining the direction our country is headed and how best to get there to politicians who tell us the problems are too complex for us to understand. They use the media to assure us that they are acting in our best interest while at the same time doing whatever it takes to preserve their base of influence and earn the money that lines their pockets from special-interest groups and lobbyists. Our government is out of control, it is out of our control, and we are being prevented from learning what we need to do to correct our course and fix our problems.

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Welcome to Skeptical Squirrel

skeptical squirrelWhen I was young, in the 60s and early 70s, I believed a lot of things about the world that were told to me as facts by various authority figures in my life. Parents, older siblings, pastors, teachers, coaches, roll models, politicians, they all had their own opinions that they pressed upon me as statements of truth. Most people suffer through this phase. My experience was not unique.

It wasn’t until I was in my early 20s that I began to recognize the difference between opinions and facts. Many of my peers were quite content to accept what they’d been told as truth. They tended to follow the religion they were raised in, voted according to the political views they had inherited from their youth and looked at the world as it had been described to them since birth. Eventually they treated these opinions and beliefs as absolute fact. They didn’t question them and didn’t appreciate it when I did.

I don’t know what caused me to become skeptical of so many of the things that others just accepted without hesitation. All I know is that my skepticism erupted and poured the hot lava of doubt all over my previous convictions almost all at once. At the same time I began to question the existence of god I also began to doubt the stories I was hearing in the press and from the government. One contributing factor to my newly discovered skepticism was my service in the Army. My active duty service was spent in the Army Security Agency attached to the National Security Agency. After active duty I joined a psychological operations active reserve unit. NSA and psyops taught me a great deal. Not just about how to keep secrets and what the military thought the government and citizens ought to know, but how our brains work in sorting out truth from lies and how to use gullibility to convince others of what you want them to believe. It was an eye-opening experience, and afterwards I could never listen to a political speech or television advertisement with the same naive acceptance I had before.

Another valuable lesson I learned during that period of my life is that just because something sounds conspiratorial doesn’t necessarily mean it is. I have been able to avoid wandering into the labyrinth of most popular conspiracy theories by using common sense and not accepting the conspiracist’s delusions as fact any more than I would anyone else’s opinion. I treat conspiracy theories with the same skepticism and desire for facts that I do any other opinion or belief told to me as unquestionable fact.

There are no unquestionable facts, nor are there any absolute facts. To make an absolute statement about anything would require a person to posses absolute knowledge about the topic. I have yet to meet a human who posses absolute knowledge about anything. Everything we think we know for fact is still open to questioning, doubt and disbelief. If we do choose to accept something as “fact”, we should acknowledge that our conviction is conditional. It is limited by our current knowledge and the reality that we may learn something in the future that will undermine our conviction.

Skeptical Squirrel is my humble effort to make people aware that what they think is absolutely true may just not be, that what they believe may lack sufficient evidence to let us know for sure, that human knowledge is limited and without an external source to corroborate that what we think we know is universally true.

Open your mind to the possibility that most everything you think you know about most everything is most likely wrong. Uncertainty is liberating. Thinking is its own reward.

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How to think vs. what to think

70% of Americans still do not understand the scientific process, defined in the NSF study as grasping probability, the experimental method, and hypothesis testing. So one solution here is teaching how science works in addition to the rote memorization of scientific facts. A 2002 article in Skeptic magazine entitled “Science Education is No Guarantee of Skepticism,” presented the results of a study that found no correlation between science knowledge (facts about the world) and paranormal beliefs. The authors, W. Richard Walker, Steven J. Hoekstra, and Rodney J. Vogl, concluded: “Students that scored well on these [science knowledge] tests were no more or less skeptical of pseudoscientific claims than students that scored very poorly. Apparently, the students were not able to apply their scientific knowledge to evaluate these pseudoscientific claims. We suggest that this inability stems in part from the way that science is traditionally presented to students: Students are taught what to think but not how to think.”7 The scientific method is a teachable concept, as evidenced in the NSF study that found that 53% of Americans with a high level of science education (nine or more high school and college science/math courses) understand the scientific process, compared to 38% with a middle level (six to eight such courses) of science education, and 17% with a low level (less than five such courses) of science education. So maybe the key to attenuating superstition and belief in the supernatural is in teaching how science works, not just what science has discovered. (excerpt from Michael Shermer’s latest book, The Believing Brain)

The sentence I highlighted above refers to what I have long held to be the greatestmisunderstanding mathematics shortcoming of education in America, the failure of schools to teach students how to think rather than only teaching them what to think.

In schools all across the nation students are being force-fed historical information, English sentence structure, state capitols and the names of the presidents so that they can successfully pass the periodic tests they are given and most importantly so that they can achieve good grades throughout their schooling. This allows the school districts to collect federal funding, much of which is contingent on the students all passing tests and keeping their grades above a certain level.

In other words, education in most of the country is focused more on acquiring funding from the federal government than it is on teaching kids how to apply the methods of questioning and testing hypothesis in order to arrive at a tentative conclusion that accounts for the evidence.

And we wonder why we still see statistics like these (quoted from Shermer’s book):

According to a 2009 Harris Poll of 2,303 adult Americans, when people are asked to “Please indicate for each one if you believe in it, or not,” the following results were revealing:1

  • 82% believe in God
  • 76% believe in miracles
  • 75% believe in Heaven
  • 73% believe in Jesus is God or the Son of God
  • 72% believe in angels
  • 71% believe in survival of the soul after death
  • 70% believe in the resurrection of Jesus Christ
  • 61% believe in hell
  • 61% believe in the virgin birth (of Jesus)
  • 60% believe in the devil
  • 45% believe in Darwin’s Theory of Evolution
  • 42% believe in ghosts
  • 40% believe in creationism
  • 32% believe in UFOs
  • 26% believe in astrology
  • 23% believe in witches
  • 20% believe in reincarnation
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